Causes of Nausea and Vomiting

The causes of nausea and vomiting can be divided into three broad categories namely intra-peritoneal, extra-peritoneal and due to medications/metabolic disorders.

Intra-peritoneal (due to some pathology inside peritoneum) causes:

1. Obstructing disorders like obstruction of pyloric part of stomach, obstruction of small bowel, obstruction of colon and superior mesenteric artery syndrome.
2. Inflammatory diseases such as cholecystitis (inflammation of gall bladder and inflammation is generally due to infection), hepatitis (infection/inflammation of liver), pancreatitis (infection/inflammation of pancreas), appendicitis (infection/inflammation of appendix) etc.
3. Infection of small bowel due to virus or bacteria.
4. Altered sensorimotor functions such as intestinal pseudo-obstruction, gastroparesis, gastro-esophageal reflux, functional dyspepsia, chronic idiopathic nausea, cyclic vomiting syndrome, functional vomiting etc.
5. Miscellaneous causes like biliary colic and irradiation (radiation therapy) of abdomen.

Extra-peritoneal (due to some pathology outside peritoneum) causes:

1. Labyrinthine disease such as motion sickness, sea sickness, labyrinthitis and tumor (cancer) in labyrinth.
2. Cardiopulmonary disease such as myocardial infarction and cardiomyopathy.
3. Intracerebral disorders such as hemorrhage, abscess, malignancy and hydrocephalus.
4. Vomiting during postoperative period.
5. Psychiatric causes like anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, depression etc.

Medications/metabolic causes of vomiting:

1. Generally speaking any medication taken orally may cause vomiting. But the drugs which generally cause vomiting are cancer chemotherapy agents, antibiotics, oral contraceptive pills, oral hypoglycemic drugs (used for treatment of diabetes), drugs used in cardiac arrhythmia, digoxin etc.
2. Endocrine/metabolic disease/causes such as pregnancy (morning sickness), thyroid and parathyroid disease, uremia, ketoacidisis, adrenal insufficiency etc.
3. Miscellaneous causes such as alcohol consumption and liver failure.

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