Diseases

Urethritis Treatment, Complications and Prevention

Urethritis is a common health problem among females of reproductive age group. It is also not uncommon among men. The symptoms of urethritis may be troublesome and need appropriate treatment.

Treatment of urethritis:

The main aim of treatment is to eliminate infection and also the cause of infection, prevent spread of infection and to relief symptoms as early as possible. The most common cause of urethritis is gonococcal infection, which should be treated with appropriate antibiotics effective against gonococci, such as ceftriaxone, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, co-tromoxazole etc. If the infection is due to virus appropriate antivirus antibiotics may be required, but antivirus antibiotics are not always useful. If the inflammation of urethra is due to some irritation of injury, the source of irritation/injury should be eliminated.

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Urethritis Causes, Risks and Symptoms

Urethra is the tube which carries urine from urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Inflammation of the urethra is called urethritis. Due to inflammation of urethra, there is swelling and due to which there is difficulty in urination. Urethritis is more common among females than in males (just like urinary tract infection, which is also more common among females).

What are the causes of urethritis?

The commonest cause of urethritis is infection, which may be due to bacteria (very common) and virus (less common). Urethritis due to infection is divided as gonococcal urethritis (GU) and non gonococcal urethritis (NGU). Gonococcal urethritis is caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae. NGU is most commonly caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, and less commonly by virus (herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus), and other bacteria (e.g. uropathogenic E. coli, mycoplasma genitalium, ureaplasma realyticum, trichomonus vaginalis etc.).

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What Are Vitamin A deficiency Disorders?

Deficiency disorders of vitamin A mainly involve the eye. Deficiency of vitamin A has become less common, even in developing countries due to use of large prophylactic doses (110,000 micrograms orally to children of 1 to 6 years of age, every 6 months) of vitamin A to infants and availability of vitamin A fortified foods. The vitamin A deficiency disorders include night blindness, conjunctival xerosis, corneal xerosis, Bitot’s spots and keratomalacia. There are also extra ocular manifestations. Xerophthalmia or dry eye is the term, which comprises all the ocular manifestations of the vitamin A deficiency including night blindness to keratomalacia.

Night blindness:

The vitamin A deficiency first causes night blindness or inability to see in dim light. This is common in poor under developed countries and seen mainly in children. The mother first detects the condition when she observes that the child can not see in dark or in the evening. This is due to impairment in dark adaptation, which requires vitamin A. Night blindness increases unless the vitamin A consumption is increased and gets worsened if the child has diarrhea or other infection.

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Treatment, Prognosis and Prevention of Rotavirus Diarrhea

Rotavirus diarrhea/infection is a common problem among infants and young children. The disease also can not be prevented by improving sanitation,which can only be prevented by vaccination.

Treatment of rotavirus diarrhea:

The treatment of rotavirus infection/diarrhea is mainly symptomatic and nonspecific, as there are no effective antiviral antibiotics available against rota virus. Treatment with antiviral antibiotics is not required. The most important symptomatic treatment of rota virus diarrhea is treatment of dehydration. If dehydration is not corrected appropriately patient may die from severe dehydration.

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Few Important Aspects about Rota Virus

Rota virus is a double stranded RNA (ribonucleic acid) virus. It belongs to Reoviridae family. Rota virus has five different species A, B, C, D and E. The first species or rotavirus A accounts for majority (more than 90%) of infections and other species are less commonly involved in human infections.

Rotavirus is unquestionably and undoubtedly most common cause of diarrhea among infants (babies below one year of age) and young children in underdeveloped, developing as well as in developed countries. It is estimated that by the age of five years most children around the globe has been infected by rota virus at least once. But the best aspect of rotavirus infection is that, with each infection the infected child develops immunity and the subsequent infections become less and less severe and by the time the child become adult, he/she rarely get infected and also infections are too mild for adults to cause any problem.

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