Causes of sunburn
Many mechanisms and factors play role in causing sunburn. The most important factor in causation of sunburn after acute exposure to direct sunlight is the degree of melanin pigmentation (the number of melanocytes in skin) in skin. The darker the skin, the more is the number of melanocytes and the lesser effect of sun on the skin. The reason why blacks do not get sunburn or have any effect (if any effect also very minor and insignificant) of sun is presence of very large number of melanocytes with large amount of melanin pigment.
The UV spectrum of sunlight:
Ultra-violet (UV) spectrum of sunlight is the main culprit in causation of sunburn, although other wavelengths may also have some minor effects. The UV spectrum reaching the earth is arbitrarily divided into two major segments, comprising the wavelengths from 290–400 nm into UV-B (Ultra-violet-B) and UV-A (Ultra-violet).
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Clenbuterol in Sports
Sports history is full of steroids abuse and dope scandals. Even present-day also the use and abuse of steroids is still a significant problems of sports authorities. Use of anabolic steroids for enhancing performance is against the universal brotherhood spirit of the games and sports. Many mega sports events like Olympic games are shadowed by doping scandals and in most of the cases are due to abuse of steroids.
Commonly abused steroids in sports are Stanozolol, Nandrolone, Clenbuterol, Methandrostenolone and many more. The availability of these steroids online without prescription has made it more easy to use and abuse. You can get any steroids by just clicking mouse of your computer while sitting in the comfort of your home.
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Sunburn: Acute Effect of Sun Exposure
What is sunburn?
Sunburn is painful condition of skin due to acute exposure to direct sunlight, which is caused by UV-B (ultra violet-B rays of sunlight). Skin may become colored and the epidermis part of the sunburned skin may peel off after few days. Generally the ability to tolerate sunlight is directly proportional to the degree of melanin pigmentation of individual skin i.e. the more melanin in skin the better is tolerance of sunlight. Melanin is a complex tyrosine polymer, which is synthesized by specialized epidermal dendritic cells known as melanocytes (present in epidermis or the outer layer of skin) and is packaged into melanosomes that are transferred via dendritic process into keratinocytes, thereby providing photoprotection and also causing dark color of skin. Exposure to sun also can increase the number of melanocytes (known as melanogenesis).
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Steroid Abuse
As a group of drugs (medicines) steroids are the most abused drugs, especially in the field of sports (high performance sports like boxing, wrestling, bodybuilding, soccer, rugby, athletics etc.). Anabolic steroids are not only abused by sports persons, but are abused by doctors (supposed to have knowledge about every adverse things steroids might have and despite knowing everything about steroids they also abuse steroids), patients, teachers and members of every section of society. Every abuser of steroid has his/her own reason of abuse like body builders abuse steroids for quickly building huge muscle mass, sports persons abuse for enhancing their performance in competitions, patients abuse for fast relief of their medical problem without realizing the adverse effects (despite warning about the side effects by doctors) and so on.
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Steroids in Olympics
One of the greatest obstacle in many international sports events is the illegal (as the use of steroids is banned by many national and international sports authorities including International Olympic committee) use of steroids. But unfortunately the use of steroids are still continuing despite the ban, although in much lesser scale. Some black days of Olympics are the use of steroids by Ben Johnson in Seuol plympics (where he created world records in 100 meter sprint, but later taken away as he used steroids) as is the killing of Israeli athletes in Munich Olympics by terrorists.
Oxandrolone (Anavar), Clenbuterol, Nandrolone are the commonly used drugs in Olympians and also by many sportspersons. International Olympic Committee (IOC) started a full-scale drug testing program in the Olympics only in the year 1972. In the year 1982 only, the Testosterone/Epitestosterone ratio test was used for detecting steroids level in athletes.
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International Travel & Diabetes
A diabetic patient may face many health problems, particularly problem to maintain normal glucose level in blood. Traveler should be conscious of the problems he/she may face during international travel as well as immediately after return. Alteration in glucose control and changes in insulin requirements (especially if patient is type I diabetes which is insulin dependent diabetes) are common problems among patients with diabetes who travel.
Causes of alteration in glucose control during international travel:
Changes in time zone and jetlag can cause changes in blood glucose level during travel. Due to jetlag and time zone change, the sleep pattern of traveler with diabetes may be disturbed and cause poor control of blood glucose.
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